Mysterious Inca City of Samaipata in the Andes

Bolivia's Andes are home to the enigmatic archeological site known as El Fuerte de Samaipata. The structure, often called the Shambhala of the Andes, was built centuries ago by an unidentified culture, and its exact origins are still a mystery.

 

Samaipata, together with Machu Picchu, is one of the most mysterious sites of the Inca civilization

The enigmatic complex serves as a reminder of South America's rich historical legacy, which is frequently overlooked. It may even be older than the pyramids of Egypt or the Stonehenge stone circles. El Fuerte's provide a singular window into antiquity, inspiring us to investigate the traces left by extinct societies. Come along with us as we investigate El Fuerte de Samaipata's mysteries.

The rock with hundreds of carvings

Samaipata is a small Bolivian town that has gained fame for its stunning mountain scenery, exceptional wine, and mysterious prehistoric site. The town offers many attractions, the most well-known of which is El Fuerte de Samaipata, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, tucked away in the foothills of the Andes mountains. The lush valleys, moderate climate, and multiple springs providing an abundance of water have led to the flourishing of many prehistoric civilizations there. Samaipata, a mysterious complex, was built by one of them. 

El Fuerte is located at a height of approximately 1950 meters above sea level on a hill some distance from the city. Despite its name, 'El Fuerte' (The Fort), it is a big carved rock rather than a regular fort. The enormous rock is thought to have been carved in the tenth century by an unidentified culture. The rock is carved with geometric patterns, zoomorphic characters, channel-like features, niches, stone tables, teracces, etc. It is roughly 220 meters (720 feet) long and 60 meters (200 feet) wide. .

Samaipata contains hundreds of mysterious carvings of unknown origin and purpose

The Samaipata's original builders are unknown, but it's clear that they weren't Incas. Samaipata is believed to have been founded by an enigmatic tribe or civilization that originated from the Amazon rainforest. The original builders have not been identified by science. It is believed by some scientists that the builders were the mysterious Chanes or Moyocoyan inhabitants of the Amazon Lowlands.

Following the disappearance of the enigmatic founders, El Fuerte became the administrative, ecclesiastical, and military hub of the Inca empire upon the arrival of the Incas. Despite this, the site still has architectural remnants left by its original builders, which we will talk about later.

How Saimapata has evolved over time

Because El Fuerte de Samaipata has been inhabited by numerous cultures for millennia and each has left its mark, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact period of its creation. While Samaipata's growth may be broadly categorized into three key phases, it is essentially a puzzle with numerous unknown pieces. The first buildings and sculptures in El Fuerte de Samaipata were made by an unidentified group of people, who were quickly followed by the Chanés, a pre-Inca agrarian culture. While precise dating is challenging, it's plausible that Chanes people lived in the region as early as AD 300.

Later, the Incas came and built numerous monumental buildings on the site of Samaipata

The Chanes left behind several enigmatic constructions and carvings before the Incas took over. During the late 15th and early 16th centuries (about the 1470s to the early 1500s), the Incas significantly altered the site. El Fuerte's strategic hilltop location  was useful for defense. Located on the eastern edge of the Inca Empire, Samaipata acted as a defensive line against the fierce Guarani tribes that came from the Amazon Basin. El Fuerte's strategic hilltop location  was useful for defense. After the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the region surrounding El Fuerte experienced more changes. Following the Spanish arrival in the 16th century, additional changes were made to the area surrounding El Fuerte. Even though the Spanish did not make much changes to the rock itself, their arrival in the area marked the beginning of a new era.

The many mysteries that surround Saimapata 

El Fuerte de Samaipata is riddled with secrets. Its numerous carvings are among the best-known. The towering sandstone rock dominates El Fuerte, which is adorned with carvings of zoomorphic and geometric designs. There is ongoing discussion on their precise significance. According to certain beliefs, they served as a kind of sacred geography or were utilized for astronomical observations. These include carvings that strongly imply they were used to commemorate important astronomical occasions, such the equinoxes and solstices.  

The carved channels and basins that are visible on the surface of the rock are another mystery. They are made with a precise 180-degree descent, and what is even more interesting is that they are constructed in such a way that they point towards a specific location in the night sky, namely the constellation of Lion.

Geometrically perfect water channels are oriented towards the constellation of Leo. Why?

The influence of Incas in Saimapata

After their arrival, the Incas expanded El Fuerte by creating trapezoidal entrances, recesses in the walls, and traditional Inca terraces and storerooms known as kollqas. Samaipata played a major role in the defense of the Inca empire due to its advantageous location on the edge of the Amazon rainforest. It was a location where interactions between lowland Amazonian communities and Andean highland cultures, such as the Incas, took place.

The Incas were masters at building structures in the hard-to-reach mountain environment of the Andes

The strategic placement of El Fuerte de Samaipata near the periphery of the Inca Empire helped to keep tribes from the Amazon Basin from invading, while also allowing the Incas easy access to the Amazon Lowlands. Saimapata served as a commerce hub as well. Feathers, coca leaves, and tropical fruits were just a few of the products and resources the Incas were able to acquire from the Amazon. El Fuerte's architecture, notably its terraces, demonstrates an intimate knowledge of the environment while adapting to the local hilly geology.

Who were the initial builders?

The origins of El Fuerte de Samaipata, particularly the original builders and the site's development over time, are not fully documented. Much of what we know is thanks to the Bolivian archaeologist Oswaldo Rivera Sundt, who was instrumental in excavations and studies at Samaipata, contributing extensively to the understanding of the site's history. His work in the late 20th century helped to map and document the extensive carvings and architectural features of the site.

Unfortunately, many questions remain unsolved regarding the pre-Columbian Americas due to the lack of comprehensive historical documents. There are gaps in our understanding because the identity of Saimapata's founders was lost long before the arrival of the Spanish.

What is the purpose of so many carvings?

Geometric shapes and animal figures are among the carvings that can be seen on the central rock at El Fuerte de Samaipata. The significance of these patterns is unclear and they cover a large area. It's possible that the animal figures were meant to represent deities or spiritual guardians.

What are they trying to tell us?

It was found through research that certain carvings are linked to celestial phenomena, such as solstices and equinoxes, or specific stars and constellations. 

It's possible that the carvings are a symbolic map of the cosmos, linking the earthly realm with the universe. Numerous channels are found carved into the rock. Their purpose is unknown, but they could be used for purification or fertility ceremonies. The significance of water in rituals and the meaning of these channels remain a mystery. The fact that certain channels have a nearly perfect geometric shape and point towards the constellations of Leo in the sky is truly intriguing. Despite being exposed to the elements and passing time, many of the carvings remain in relatively good condition.

The central rock was a focal point for religious rituals. 

What tools were utilized?

The Incas used materials found in their surroundings, such as stone, wood, and bronze, to make their stoneworking tools because they lacked access to iron or steel. The Incas shaped other stones with rounded stones that they used as hammers. The size of these could range from tiny portable stones for delicate tasks to bigger ones for breaking and sculpting enormous stone blocks.Another tool used by them was the bronze Chiself, which was used for finer stone carving and sculpting. The relatively soft andesite and limestone that the Incas frequently worked with were easily worked by bronze, which is softer than iron or steel but harder than copper.

Is Saimapata the lost city of Z searched for by Percy Fawcett?

Could El Fuerte de Samaipata be the lost city Percy Fawcett sought in the uncharted depths of the Amazon? Fawcett, who disappeared during his legendary expeditions, was obsessed with the idea of locating 'Z,' a mythical city of advanced civilization. El Fuerte, with its strategic location on the edge of the Amazon, where Fawcet originally searched for the city, matches the descriptions of City Z. Though evidence remains speculative, the mystery of El Fuerte de Samaipata as a potential link to Percy Fawcett can be simply thrown away from the window.  To explore the connection between City of Z and El Fuerte de Samaipata more concretely, we need to explore the specific attributes of this mythical city and compare them to the known features of El Fuerte.

Was Percy Fawcett, in reality, searching for Samaipata?

A Portuguese manuscript that recounted a lost city in South America was the source of inspiration for Percy Fawcett's lost city of Z. Fawcett imagined Z as having developed architecture. The lost city was described as having impressive architectural achievements, including buildings, plazas, and a complex layout. Similarly, El Fuerte de Samaipata showcases remarkable architectural ingenuity, especially its massive, sculpted rock believed to have served both ceremonial and functional purposes. The site's layout, with its agricultural terraces, water channels, and strategic positioning, mirrors the advanced planning and construction skills attributed to the civilization described in the Portuguese manuscript. An advanced understanding of astronomy was hinted at in the manuscript, which can be compared to El Fuerte. Some scholars have proposed that El Fuerte's carvings and alignments may have been used for astronomical purposes, which would have marked solstices, equinoxes, and other celestial events, indicating a significant connection to the cosmos. 

In Samaipata, allusions to the night sky can be found everywhere

According to the manuscript, the city was depicted as isolated and concealed from the outside world. El Fuerte de Samaipata, perched on a hilltop at the edge of the Amazon Basin and the Andes, is also a remote location. The isolated location would have been ideal for a culture to flourish away from external threats, just like the isolation of the city of Z described in the manuscript. Although Fawcett searched for Z inside the Amazon Basin, El Fuerte, which is located at the edge of the Amazon and acts as a strategic point between the Andes and the lowlands, may fit in a picture. Just as the origins of Z are shrouded in mystery, so too are the origins of El Fuerte de Samaipata. The site's date of construction and the identity of its original builders remain unknown, fueling speculation about its origins and purpose.

Another theory: aliens and ley lines

Anothet theory proposes that these ancient sites were either built by extraterrestrial visitors or with their assistance. In the case of El Fuerte de Samaipana, the intricate and precise nature of the carvings could be cited as evidence of knowledge or technology that was beyond the capability of ancient civilizations.Another theory posits that sites like El Fuerte were created by lost civilizations with advanced technologies that have since been forgotten or were wiped out by cataclysmic events.

What was the purpose of these mysterious features?

According to some, Saimapata is a focal point of earth energies or ley lines, believed by others to be part of a global network of spiritual power. Theories suggest that there is a global network of ancient sites that are constructed with a shared purpose or knowledge that spans continents and cultures. It is possible that El Fuerte is part of this network, with its astronomical alignments and carvings being proposed as evidence of a global ancient civilization.

Conclusion

When we now know beter the history of El Fuerte de Samaipata, we are reminded of the vast mysteries that our world still holds. The parallels drawn between this ancient site and the legendary City of Z, as described in the ancient Portuguese manuscript that fueled Percy Fawcett's obsession, open a fascinating chapter in our imagination. But as we stand on the precipice of discovery, gazing out over the sprawling ruins and intricate carvings of El Fuerte, we are left with more questions than answers. Could this site truly hold a connection to the mythical city that captivated Fawcett's imagination and ultimately claimed his life? Is it possible that the builders of El Fuerte were part of a broader network of advanced civilizations in pre-Columbian South America, their achievements and identities obscured by the passage of time? Or does El Fuerte represent a unique cultural phenomenon, a testament to the ingenuity and spiritual depth of native american tribes and cultures of pre columbian america. These questions invite us to consider the broader implications of our fascination with lost cities and hidden civilizations. How might these ancient sites challenge our understanding of human history, urging us to reconsider the narratives we have constructed about the capabilities and reach of ancient cultures? As we ponder these questions, the mystery of El Fuerte de Samaipata remains, its stones silent witnesses to centuries of human development. The quest for understanding continues, a journey not just through the dense jungles of the Amazon but through the realms of human curiosity and imagination. Perhaps the true significance of El Fuerte, and indeed of the elusive City of Z, lies not in the answers they might provide, but in the questions they compel us to ask — questions that draw us ever deeper into the mysteries of our shared human heritage.

Secret Places in the City of Kobe for Every Traveler

Kobe city, located in Hyogo prefecture of Japan, is a city that has a population of 1.5 million and is situated between the beautiful Rokko Mountains and the vast Osaka Bay that opens up to the ocean. Although it is often overlooked by its bigger neighbors, Osaka and Tokyo, the city has a rich history, culture, and economic prowess. 

Kobe's skyline awash in the morning sunlight

Kobe's journey from humble beginnings to becoming a cosmopolitan metropolis is a testament to resilient and innovative thinking.

Historical Milestones

The proximity of Kobe to Kyoto and Osaka was a major obstacle to its development for a long time, and during most of the Tokugawa era, it remained a small, unimportant port town. Despite being more rural and less developed during the shogunate era, its strategic importance was quickly recognized when the country opened itself up to the world.

Kobe didn't become a significant international port until the late Edo period and the subsequent Meiji Restoration. Kobe's rapid development into what it is today was marked by the arrival of foreign trade in the late 19th century, following the end of Japan's period of isolation (sakoku). Kobe was one of the first ports to open to foreign trade, unlike neighboring Osaka and Kyoto.

The Port of Kobe is one of the busiest ports in Japan

The transformation of Kobe therefore began in 1868, when Japan opened it for international trade. Kobe was among the first to welcome foreign merchants and quickly established itself as a vibrant city that soon surpassed even Osaka in importance. This era not only marked Kobe's economic expansion, but also laid the foundation for its cosmopolitan identity as the "Paris of Japan."

The Many Charms of Kobe city

Many Japanese regard Kobe as primarily a city of culinary excellence. Kobe beef is synonymous with Kobe, which has an almost legendary status in both Japan and throughout the world. The city has become a culinary destination, attracting food enthusiasts from all over the world. Kobe beef comes from the Tajima strain of Wagyu cattle, raised under strict supervision. Hyogo Prefecture is the only place where cattle can come from. Kobe beef, a delicate meat, has become synonymous with luxurious dining, putting it on the global culinary map. 

Furthermore, the sake that is produced in the Nada district of Kobe is highly regarded, which further enhances Kobe's reputation as a city of refined tastes. The sake breweries in the Nada district are revered for their high-quality sake, which is attributed to the area's mineral-rich water and favorable weather conditions. Producing some of the finest sake available, these breweries have a history that spans centuries and are a cornerstone of Japan's sake industry. The Nada district is home to Hakutsuru Sake Brewery, which is considered one of the biggest and most popular sake producers in Japan. It has been in operation since 1743 and is famous for its use of traditional brewing techniques. Hakutsuru's sake is well-known around the world, and they have established a sake museum in Kobe where guests can learn about the process of making sake. Sawanotsuru Sake is another prominent brewery in the Nada district, which dates back to 1717. Sawanotsuru's sake is recognized internationally for its quality and taste. It's important to mention  also the Kobe Shushinkan Breweries, which is known for producing Fukuju sake, which is served at Nobel Prize banquet celebrations. Visitors can experience the rich flavor of their products first hand through free tastings offered by every one of these breweries. 

Kobe is also the center of the visual arts, such as anime and manga. Shin-Ei Animation Studio, which produces anime like Doraemon and Crayon, has a branch in Kobe. The city's landmarks and atmosphere have been featured in several popular anime series, contributing to the town's fame. Real-world locations often inspire anime and manga, giving viewers and readers a glimpse into Japan's diverse city settings. While Tokyo tends to dominate, Kobe, with its unique blend of natural beauty and urban sophistication, has also been the setting for some notable works. Here are some anime and manga that are set in Kobe, emphasizing the city's charm and significance. Detective Conan, which has been running for years and follows the adventures of a young detective trapped in a child's body, has had cases that take place in Kobe. The series' dynamic settings are enhanced by the integration of the city's landmarks and atmosphere into several episodes. Significant scenes set in Kobe are included in the manga 'Silent Service', which was also made into an anime. In the series, the crew of a technologically advanced submarine is the focus and it explores themes of loyalty, national security, and the complexities of international diplomacy. Kobe's international port is a fitting location for certain parts of the story. Port of Kobe is an older manga that takes place in and around Kobe's port area. By exploring the lives of the people who work in and around the harbor, it provides insight into the city's historical and economic significance as a port city. While there are not as many works exclusively set in Kobe as there are in larger cities like Tokyo or Osaka. Those that do feature Kobe in their storylines often capitalize on city unique character and history, offering a distinct authenticity to their narratives. 

Kobe's economy is a complex ecosystem that receives significant contributions from various sectors. Kobe's dedication to innovation, particularly in biotechnology and disaster prevention, distinguishes it from other towns in Japan as a forward-thinking metropolis. The Port of Kobe, a key port in Japan, is essential for international trade and logistics. It supports docking for a range of vessels, from container ships to cruise ships, and is a vital asset to the country's economy. Kobe's history as one of the first ports opened to international trade has imbued the city with a cosmopolitan atmosphere that sets it apart from other Japanese cities. Its international schools and cultural festivals reflect a global perspective, while still maintaining a distinct Japanese identity.

 

Kobe is a modern city known for its high standard of living

Kobe is home to world-renowned companies like Kobe Steel, which plays a pivotal role in global supply chains with its high-quality steel products. Also known as KOBELCO, the company employs approximately 38,110. The city's manufacturing sector also includes giants in heavy machinery and electrical equipment, such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, contributing significantly to Japan's overall industrial output. 

Following the 2000s, The Kobe Biomedical Innovation Cluster was successfully established in the city with the aim of becoming a leader in biotechnology and medical research in Japan. Over 300 companies and research institutions in the sector are located in this hub, which is driving advances in healthcare and medical technology. Sysmex Corporation, a global healthcare industry leader, is known for its clinical diagnostics and laboratory automation systems, or Panasonic Healthcare Holdings,  a company that develops and manufactures medical devices and healthcare solutions are among its sucess stories. Kobe University plays a significant and diverse role in all of this. 

Kobe is also the fashion capital of the Kansai region, with districts such as Motomachi and Harborland offering a blend of high-end boutiques, international brands, and local artisan shops.

The fashion industry has a firm footing in the city's economy

Although it may not be as well-known as fashion capitals such as Paris, Milan, or New York. Kobe has created several fashion brands that have gained recognition both in Japan and internationally, such as ASICS. Originally founded in Kobe by Kihachiro Onitsuka in 1949, ASICS is a global powerhouse in sports footwear and apparel. Although its athletic wear is more well-known, ASICS is still a significant fashion brand due to collaborations with various designers and limited-edition releases. Mizuno, despite being established in Osaka, has a significant presence in the city and is a well-recognized sports equipment and apparel company. 

Similar to ASICS, Mizuno has taken a leap into fashion-forward sports apparel, collaborating with designers to create products that blend athletic functionality with fashion trends. The city's fashion industry exemplifies its ability to combine tradition and modernity. Kobe's global perspective is a key factor in the city's unique quality of life and global appeal.

Haruki Murakami and Kobe

The city of Kobe was put on the map of world literature, mainly through the person of Haruki Murakami, who was born in Kyoto in 1949, but he grew up in neighboring Kobe city. Murakami's worldview was greatly influenced by Kobe multicultural environment, which is evident in his writing style, which frequently blends Western literature, music, and pop culture with Japanese settings and themes.

Haruki Murakami, a towering figure in contemporary Japanese literature, was raised in Kobe

Murakami's decision to return to Japan after several years abroad was heavily influenced by the devastating Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995, which struck Kobe. His short story collection, 'After the Quake,' directly addresses this catastrophic event and its impact on Kobe and its citizens. Murakami explores the emotional and physical landscapes of Kobe after the disaster in these stories, delving into themes of loss, recovery, and resilience. Furthermore, some people say that Kobe's influence is visible in the themes of Murakami's work and contributes to the unique atmosphere that defines his stories. The blend of the familiar and the surreal, typical for Murakami's writing, maybe mirrors the blended character of Kobe itself that he experienced as a young man.

The Great Hanshin Earthquake

The Great Hanshin Earthquake of January 17, 1995 was a significant event in Kobe's recent history. The city was devastated by a magnitude of 7.3 that claimed over 6,000 lives and destroyed numerous buildings. However, the city's response was swift and efficient. Kobe rebuilt and enhanced its infrastructure by implementing advanced earthquake-resistant technologies that have become a model for disaster recovery worldwide. 

The recovery of the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe is often seen as evidence of the city's resilience and the strength of the community. The rapid rebuilding efforts and subsequent improvements in infrastructure and earthquake preparedness in Kobe have influenced disaster management worldwide. Kobe's ability to overcome adversity with grace and determination has instilled a sense of pride in the Japanese people. In Japan, Kobe is seen through a variety of viewpoints. It is appreciated for its resilience, its contribution to Japan's cuisine and economy, and its distinctive status as a multicultural city with a rich cultural tapestry. Kobe is a city of national pride and international renown that successfully blends historical heritage and modern innovation.

The Mysterious spots of Kobe for everyday traveler

Kobe has a multitude of mysteries and secret places to discover, from ancient shrines hidden in the mountains to clandestine culinary spots in the bustling heart of the city. Here are five secret and mysterious locations in Kobe city that you can discover.

Ikuta Shrine

Ikuta Shrine, nestled in the heart of Kobe and dating back to the 3rd century, stands as one of the oldest Shinto shrines in the country, purportedly founded by Empress Jingū as a tribute to the kami (gods or spirits) of the land, particularly Wakahirume, a deity of vitality and light.

The name of Ikuta Shrine is intriguing because it literally means 'living rice field'. The name is believed to come from the legend of Empress Jingu praying to turn the shrine area into a rice field and support the people during the famine. Nowadays, the shrine is completely surrounded by modern skyscrapers from all sides.

The shrine has borne witness to the turmoil of history, enduring numerous wars and natural disasters that define Japanese history, including the devastating Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995. Despite these disasters, Ikuta Shrine remained unharmed. According to some, in the verdant groves and calm waters of the shrine's grounds, visitors can discover the 'power spots' that are believed to be infused with spiritual energy. These spots are popular with individuals who want to recharge their life energy. In addition, the shrine holds a variety of festivals and events throughout the year.

The Ghost of Ikuta Shrine

The spirit of a noblewoman from centuries ago is said to haunt Ikuta Shrine, one of Kobe's oldest and most significant cultural sites. Legend has it that O-Hime fell deeply in love with a samurai, even though their love was forbidden. O-Hime committed suicide at the shrine after a series of tragic events caused the death of the samurai. It is believed that her spirit has been roaming the grounds since then. A woman in white has been reported to have been seen by visitors. Despite its eerie legend, Ikuta Shrine remains a popular spot due to its historical and cultural significance, and this chilling legend only enhances its appeal.

The Kitano-cho Mansions

The Kitano-cho area is known for its historic district and the picturesque residences from the late Meiji and early Taish<unk> periods, which are comparable to those in San Francisco. The area of Kitano-cho has become a hub for foreign merchants and diplomats following the opening of the Port of Kobe to international trade. Many foreign traders and diplomats constructed beautiful European-styled homes that incorporated a soft Japanese touch, even though their non-Japanese aesthetic is evident in the Kobe city view. 

At the base of the Rokko mountain range, the district is home to over a dozen Ijinkan, a Japanese word for mansion, that have been transformed into museums, cafes, restaurants, and boutiques. Tourists can visit these historic homes, with entry fees ranging from 550 to 750 yen. Combination tickets are available for those interested in exploring multiple houses at once. Each house has its own unique offerings, from boutiques and restaurants to museums.

The Kitano-cho area is full of houses that are more typical of San Francisco

The Weathercock House, a symbol of Kitano-cho, is notable for its unique red bricks that date back to 1909. The England House houses a collection of Sherlock Holmes memorabilia, while the Yokan Nagaya (France House) is celebrated for its lavish French furniture and design. Other attractions include Ben's House, which is filled with a collection of stuffed animals from global hunting expeditions. The Platon Decorative Arts Museum (Italian House) exhibits a wide array of household items, art, and ornaments from the Mediterranean region and the former Chinese Consulate, which features a blend of Western architecture and Chinese decorative elements. 

The unique cultural heritage of Kitano-cho is complemented by the picturesque charm of its location. Its preservation and adaptation for contemporary audiences transform it into more than just a historical site; it's a lively part of Kobe's cultural scene, cherished by international visitors and local residents alike.

The Earthquake Memorial Park 

stands as a poignant reminder of the Great Hanshin Earthquake that struck the city on January 17, 1995. This devastating natural disaster left a deep scar on Kobe, both physically and emotionally, but the memorial park serves as a symbol of recovery. As an act of remembrance, the park preserves a 60-meter stretch of the Meriken wharf quay wall in its damaged state. This decision to leave the wall as it was immediately after the earthquake offers visitors a stark visual reminder of the quake's destructive power. A small but impactful memorial within the park commemorates the many lives lost during the earthquake. The Earthquake Memorial Park also aims to educate the public about the earthquake's impact on Kobe and the extensive recovery efforts that followed. Through photographs, videos, and other exhibits, the park tells the story of Kobe's journey from devastation to rebirth. 

The Kobe Maritime Museum is located beside the memorial, and its architecture, which features a white steel framework that symbolizes sails, is a modern landmark in Kobe. Kobe's maritime heritage and technological advancements are highlighted by the museum and the adjacent Kawasaki Good Times World.

The area around the port is filled with landmark buildings

The memorial Park includes the Kobe Port Tower, a red steel structure that has become the city's symbol. The earthquake's impact is powerfully reminded through the decision to leave certain damages unrepaired. 

The importance of remembering the past and looking forward to the future is highlighted in this approach. The Earthquake Memorial Park is a place that represents not only remembrance but also hope for the future, representing Kobe's ability to recover and rebuild after such a significant tragedy. The place is a testament to the strength and solidarity of humans in the face of disaster, making it a significant stop for anyone interested in discovering the effects of natural disasters on urban communities.

Arima Onsen 

Arima Onsen is renowned as one of the oldest hot spring towns in Japan. It is located within Kobe's city limits and nestled in a scenic valley behind Mount Rokko. It boasts a rich history spanning over a thousand years and was favored by Tokugawa shoguns, who regularly visited it. Arima Onsen can be reached by travelers from central Kobe in approximately 30 minutes by train or cable car, making it an easy-to-access retreat for both day trips and longer stays.

Arima Onsen is famous for its healing properties that have been recognized since the Tokugawa period

This picturesque mountain resort is celebrated for its supposedly healing skin benefits. Arima's hot springs are divided into two types: Kinsen (gold water), which is rich in iron and has a distinctive brown color, which is beneficial for skin ailments and Ginsen water, which is clear and contains radium and carbonate, is thought to aid in muscle and joint health. 

The mountain village in which Arima Onsen is situated has charming streets, traditional wooden buildings, and local breweries offering the unique Rokko beer. It presents a charming atmosphere for all Japanophiles and lovers of history. Hot springs can be enjoyed by visitors to this mountain retreat at public bathhouses or ryokans, many of which have private bathing facilities. 

Kobe Chinatown (Nankinmachi)

Kobe, a cosmopolitan port city in Japan, is home to many ethnic communities, including a significant Chinatown and Korean community. The city's cultural diversity and economic vitality have been significantly influenced by both of these communities. Kobe Chinatown, also known as Nankinmachi, is a key Chinatown in Japan, along with those in Yokohama and Nagasaki. It developed in the late 19th century when Kobe's port attracted many Chinese merchants and traders. Nankinmachi is an ideal place for visitors to experience the sights, sounds, and smells of traditional Chinese life and culture traditions and festivals, such as the Chinese New Year and Mid-Autumn Festival. The area is well-known for its culinary delights, which include a wide variety of Chinese cuisine, from street food to gourmet restaurants. Popular dishes available there include steamed buns (baozi), dumplings, and Peking duck. A visually stunning experience can be gained from Nankinmachi's architecture, which is marked by red and gold colors, traditional Chinese gates at its entrances, lanterns, and dragon motifs. Nankinmachi, a popular tourist destination in Kobe, is a major contributor to the economy of Kobe, drawing visitors from all over Japan and abroad. 

In Kobe, there is a significant Korean community. The existence of Koreans in Kobe dates back to before and after World War II, when a large number of Koreans came to Japan.

Kobe is home to many different nationalities living in harmony

The Korean community in Kobe has made the local culture richer with their traditions, language, and cuisine. Kimchi, bulgogi, and Korean barbecue are served at Korean restaurants that are popular with both locals and tourists. Traditional dance, music, and food from this community are featured in Korean cultural festivals that are similar to Chinese festivals held in Kobe. The Chinatown and Korean community in Kobe are proof of the city's inclusivity. Their presence demonstrates the importance of cultural diversity in developing vibrant and dynamic urban environments, such as in Kobe, which is also known as the Paris of the East. These curiosities of  Kobe reflects city richt history, culture, and resilience, making the city a fascinating place to visit for both locals and visitors alike.

In summary, Kobe remains unwavering. The city is proud of its history and embraces the future with open arms.

Martin Luther's Encounter with the Devil at Wartburg Castle

Martin Luther (1483-1546) is known primarily for initiating the Protestant Reformation, a movement that reshaped Christianity. Born in Eisleben, Saxony, Luther entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, completing his master's degree before embarking on a career in law, as his father had planned. However, a life-changing event occurred in 1505 when Luther was caught in a severe thunderstorm and vowed to become a monk if he survived. True to his word, he entered an monastery shortly thereafter. Luther's monastic life was characterized by an intense struggle to find way to the God. He devoted himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and confession, but remained haunted by a sense of unworthiness before God. This spiritual turmoil continued until he began to teach at the University of Wittenberg, where he dived deep into the study of the Bible. It was during this period that Luther developed the doctrine of justification by faith alone—the idea that salvation is a gift of God's grace, received through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than through human efforts.

                                 

According to his own words, Martin Luther was stalked by a dark, mysterious force during his stay at Wartburg Castle, which tried to hinder him from his Biblie studies

In 1517, Luther's views culminated in his opposition to the sale of indulgences, that promised to reduce punishment for sins for the donor or their loved ones in purgatory. Luther drafted his Ninety-Five Theses, a set of propositions criticizing the indulgences and other issues, and reputedly nailed them to the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg.

Martin Luther at Wartburg Castle

Luther's opinions circulated widely, thanks to the printing press, sparking intense controversy. His refusal to recant his opinions led to his excommunication in 1521 and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor. Luther escaped to Wartburg Castle, owned by one of his supporter where he feel safe from arrest. It was during his stay at Wartburg, under the pseudonym "Junker Jörg," that Luther translated the New Testament into German

The room where Martin Luther stayed

However, Luther's time at Wartburg Castle also became the setting for the strange series of paranormal events. Luther felt during his stay allegedly stalked by mysterious dark presence and experiences several strange events that we can define as unexplained. What happened there. Lets found out together.

Paranormal Experiences of Martin Luther

According Luther, one night after he retired to rest, bag of hazel nuts which had been brought to him by two noble youths who waited upon him with his food, was violently agitated by mysterious power. The nuts rolled and struck against one another with such force that they made the beams of the room to shake , and the bed on which he was lying to rattle. The same night, although the steps leading to his solitary apartment were barred fast with iron chains and an iron door, he was roused from his sleep by a tremendous rumbling up and down the steps, which he describes as though huge beer casks were rolling up and down. Nothing doubting that it was the devil at work trying to disturb him, he got up and walked to the stair's head, and called aloud, 

" Is it thou ? be it so then I commend me to the Lord Christ, of whom it is written in the eighth Psalm,  Thou hast put all things under His feet. " 

On another and still more memorable occasion, as he pored keenly over the pages of his Greek Testament, something started to make a noise behind a stove, just as though someone was dragging some wooden measure along the floor.

" As I found he was going to begin again, " he adds, " I gathered together my books and got into bed." 

" Another time in the night I heard above my room, someone walking; but as I knew no one can be there and therefore it must be the devil , I paid no attention to him and went to sleep. "

Are the accounts of Martin Luther's paranormal experiences true?

A hole of singular dimensions in the wall of the chamber which he inhabited, is pointed out to the tourist nowdays who can spare a long summer's day to visit the Wartburg, enjoy himself on its breezy slopes, or taste very good local beer.

According to the story, while Luther was in hiding at Wartburg Castle, he spent his time translating the New Testament into German. The legend says that during this period, Luther became so teased by the devil, who was trying to distract him from his translation work, that in a moment of anger or frustration, he threw his inkwell at the devil to chase him away. Nowdays where the incident supposedly occurred, visitors to the castle are often shown what is claimed to be the stain of the ink on the wall.

It is well to smile at such incidents, but Luther lived all his days in the most real and pervading belief of a personal and visible devil haunting him in all his work , and never ceasing to disturb and hinder him. 

The Luther Legacy

Wartburg Castle, sitting high on a green hill in Eisenach, Germany, is a wonder of medieval building with a history as deep as its design. This castle, with its strong walls and big towers, shows the clever building skills of the Middle Ages. Its mix of Romanesque, Gothic, and later Renaissance styles, showing how tastes and building methods changed over time. Today, Luther's time at the castle is a key attraction and the castle uses this historical stay, inviting people to see the very room where Luther worked, now kept just like it was back then to bring back the feel of that time. With guided tours, displays, and learning programs, the castle makes the story of Luther's bravery and the lasting effect of his work alive for people from all over the world. By doing this, Wartburg Castle remains a place people go to learn about the Reformation, German history, or how powerful ideas can change the world.

Tartini Violin Sonata in G minor: Composed by the Devil?

Giuseppe Tartini, one of the greatest violinists of all time, was born on April 8, 1692, in Piran, then part of the Republic of Venice. His musical journey began with early music lessons in his hometown. Although he initially studied law at the University of Padua, his passion for music soon took precedence. Tartini's early life, marked by a brief stint in a monastery and a secret marriage that led to personal tumult, resembled the plot of an bad mexican telenovela.

Was the famous violinist Tartini in a pact with the devil?

As a composer, Tartini produced over 300 violin pieces, distinguished by their strong melodies, innovative harmonies, and overall emotive style. Even during his lifetime, Tartini became celebrated for his superb play technique on the violin, that would take other violinists years to master. His performances were renowned for their atmospheric qualities and personal charm. Notably, he was one of the first violinists to use vibrato, further enhancing the emotional impact of his music

Tartini was also a groundbreaking music teacher, best known for discovering the 'Tartini tone,' created when two tones are played simultaneously at specific intervals, was a crucial discovery in the field of musical science.

Tartini composed more than 300 violin pieces. However strange legends are known about some of them. Are they true?

In his later years, Tartini founded a violin school in Padua, where he taught music to the children of the town. His teaching approach went beyond pure technical skill, emphasizing also the emotions as sign of valuable music.

Did the devil compose the most famous Tartini violin sonata?

However, one of his most renowned compositions, the 'Devil's Trill Sonata,' is enveloped in mystery, with numerous dark legends surrounding its creation. According some accounts the sonata came to his mind in a vivid dream while Tartini was recuperating from an illness. In this dream, he struck a deal with the Devil, who then became his violin teacher. At Tartini's request, the Devil played a violin sonata of such exquisite beauty and virtuosity that it surpassed anything Tartini had ever heard or could imagine. Overwhelmed by the music's beauty, Tartini immediately after waking up attempted to transcribe the piece. However, he found that his composition fell short of the sublime music he had heard in his dream. Despite this, the work that later became known as the 'Devil's Trill Sonata' and it stands out as one of Tartini's most famous and technically challenging pieces. The sonata is especially famous for its trill-filled finale, said to precisely replicate the Devil's own playing.

Tartini's most famous work was allegedly composed under unexplained mysterious circumstances

In some versions of the story, Tartini's dream about the Devil resembles a Faustian pact, in which Tartini, in his quest for musical perfection, is said to have made a deal with the Devil in exchange for his soul.For this very reason, the 'Devil's Trill Sonata' is enveloped in a web of strange rumors, that the piece is cursed and that  violonists who play or even attempt to play it will meet with misfortune. As the story goes, this diabolical influence imbued the music with a dark power. Tales of strange happenings during performances, inexplicable technical difficulties, and a general sense of unease often accompany accounts of the sonata's live performances. Many musicians, intrigued by the sonata's technical challenges and emotional depth, have also found themselves drawn to it, only later to have rather nothing to do with it for the fear of evoking the curse. 

The mysterious charm of the Tartini Sonata  explained from a musical perspective

The 'Devil's Trill Sonata' is considered somewhat 'strange' sounding, largely due to its innovative use of musical techniques that were advanced for its time. Here, we are going to discuss some key aspects from a musical theory perspective that contribute to its unique sound: 

The sonata is famous for its extensive use of trills – rapid alternations between two adjacent notes. These trills are not just embellishments; they are integral to the melody and harmony, creating a sense of tension and release at specific points in time. Tartini also employed advanced harmonic progressions and modulations. He often moved through distant key areas, creating unexpected shifts that can sound jarring to the ear. This approach is somewhat unorthodox, even for contemporary music. The use of chromatic scales (scales that include all twelve tones within the octave) and chromatic passages in this piece also adds to its unique sound. Chromaticism introduces a sense of unease and unpredictability, as it deviates from the more diatonically (strictly within a given key) focused compositions. 

The sonata demands a high level of technical skill from the violinist, particularly in the execution of double stops (playing two notes simultaneously) and the aforementioned trills. These elements, especially when played with the expressive intensity that the piece demands, contribute to its demanding character. Many people under the weight of its hardship can start to think that it is outside the power of a normal human being to play this sonata. This piece demands a very skillful violinist with years of experience. Moreover, the sonata’s structure is full of unexpected turns and developments. This complexity adds to the listener's sense of being taken on an unpredictable journey. Tartini's use of dynamics, articulation, and tempo changes contributes to a dramatic, sometimes unsettling effect and therefore the sonata traverses a wide range of emotions.

The legend of the Devil's involvement, whether one believes in its literal truth or sees it as a metaphor for the artistic struggle, adds a layer of intrigue that makes its even more interesting. Tartini's violin masterpiece serves as a testament to the enduring power of music to captivate the human spirit and touch our deepest emotions. As the haunting melodies of the 'Devil's Trill Sonata' continue to resonate through concert halls and in the ears of those who appreciate classical music, it reminds us of the power of music, and the eternal allure of the mysterious and the unknown.

The Pyramid of Hellinikon: The Tomb of Achilles?

The Pyramid of Hellinikon can be found amid the flat plains of ancient Argos in the heart of Greece. The pyramidal form of this unique structure is what sets it apart from other structures in Greece. The age and reason for its distinctive shape have been the focus of debates for quite some time, with some theories suggesting it was constructed as early as 2720 BCE, which could mean it is older than even the famous Egyptian pyramids. However, other theories suggest that it was constructed in the 13th century BCE, aligning with the era of the Trojan War, or possibly in the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, during the times of Perikles and Alexander the Great. The purpose of the pyramid has been similarly an ongoing topic of speculations.

  

What secrets does the only pyramid in Europe hide? 
(Credit: Egerváry Gergely, CC BY 3.0 DEED)

Hellinikon's distinctive design leads to various theories. The construction method of the pyramid is similar to that of the ancient Egyptians and Incas, and it is made up of large stone blocks that are carefully aligned without mortar. This unique aspect raises speculation: could there be a connection with the ancient Egyptians? Or perhaps, like the Egyptian pyramids, was it intended as a burial place for a notable king or a famous hero? Or perhaps it conceals something more ordinary and less widely known? Join us in exploring the mysteries of this enigmatic structure.

The Location and Design of the Mysterious Pyramid

Ancient archaeological sites dating back to the Mycenaean civilization can be found in the Peloponnese's Argolid plain, where the pyramid is situated. The ancient city of Mycenae, a significant center of Mycenaean culture, is located close to this pyramid, which is well-known for its Lion's Gate and royal tombs, including the famous Tomb of Agamemnon. The pyramid lies approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) northeast of the ancient site of Tiryns, which is famous for its massive cyclopean walls. Tiryns' construction, which is similar to those in the Pyramid of Hellinikon, utilizes large stone blocks that raise interesting questions about their possibly shared origin.

  

The Pyramid of Hellinikon is situated in a landscape full of ruins dating back to the Mycenaean period. Was it also built during this period?

Argos, another Mycenaean city, is located about 28 kilometers (17 miles) to the northeast of the pyramid.The pyramid also lies in proximity to the ancient town of Nafplio, a significant Mycenaean port located approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) to the northeast, Nafplio's may have played a role in the construction of the Pyramid of Hellinikon. Could the colossal stone blocks used in its construction have been transported to the site by sea?

The Pyramid of Hellinikon has a number of distinctive architectural features. 

Unlike the towering pyramids of Egypt, the pyramid of Hellinikon is relatively small, resembling a mound more than a grand structure. However, its unique pyramid shape and stepped, truncated design make it stand out from the typical Greek architectural style. Next to a classical Greek temple, the difference is easily noticeable.

          

Was it a tomb, a fortress, or a vault?

Hellinikon's Pyramid is considerably smaller than the famous Egyptian pyramids. The length and width are approximately 14 meters (about 46 feet), and the original height is around 7 meters (about 23 feet). However, these modest dimensions conceal the exceptional building technique employed in its construction. The pyramid is made up of massive limestone blocks, each with a weight of several tons, that are expertly joined together without the use of mortar. The use of this technique known as dry masonry or cyclopean construction can be found in nearby sites such as Tiryns and Mycenae, and it was also employed in ancient Incan structures in a similar manner. The structure's durability and precision in stone cutting and assembly indicate a high level of skill.

The Purpose of the Pyramid of Hellinikon

One of the main theories suggests that the Pyramid of Hellinikon was used as a tomb. This idea is supported by the fact that there is only one inner chamber. However, no burial objects were found inside the pyramid. 
An alternative hypothesis suggests that the pyramid may have operated as a fortress or watchtower. The strategic location on a small hill in the expansive Argolid plain and its robust construction suggest that it is suitable for defensive purposes. 
There are those who argue that the pyramid could have had religious significance or possibly served as an astronomical observatory. The alignment of the pyramid with astronomical events, like the equinox and phases of the moon, is the foundation of this idea.

The Tomb of Achilles?

The Hellinikon may be the place where Achilles, a famous Trojan War hero, was buried. The desire for greater fame, respect, and power than any other king is something Agamemnon, who was King of Mycenae and led the Greeks during the war, was known for. Though it is usually assumed that Achilles was buried near Troy, Homer states that Agamemnon brought back a huge spoil of war from Troy, which included many valuable objects and captives. Among them was Cassandra, the daughter of a Trojan King. Could he have taken Achilles' body with him as a valuable war prize? The pyramid's unique design may be a sign that it is the final resting place of an important hero. Furthermore, the pyramid is situated exactly in the realm of Agamemnon's ancient kingdom, which was centered around the city of Mycenae.

              

Did the Pyramid of Hellinikon serve as a tomb for the legendary Achilles?

An intriguing theory suggests that the Pyramid of Hellinikon held Achilles' spear, shield, and sword, not his body. According to Homer, after Achilles' death, a conflict erupted over who would inherit his legendary weapons, with notable figures such as Agamemnon, Ajax, and Odysseus contending for their possession. It's possible that Agamemnon, seeing himself as the supreme leader, used this opportunity to acquire these valued artifacts for himself. In the classical period of Greece, items like Achilles' supposed spear and shield were still known to exist. Alexander himself is reported to have seen them before his journey to Persia. If this theory is correct, it would mean that Achilles' armor must have been meticulously preserved in a special storage space for centuries, which accounts for the references to this armor well into the Christian era. Agamemnon's prestige and the stature of his realm could be enhanced by building the Hellinikon to store Achilles' armor, which would have ensured a long-term safekeeping of the artifacts. 
These theories, while speculative and unverified, portray the Pyramid of Hellinikon in a significantly different light.

Archeological excavations confirm ancient Mycenean origin

The Pyramid of Hellinikon's age is being debated a lot because of the different outcomes from traditional archaeological digs and advanced lab-based dating techniques. The Archaeological Museum of Nauplion's excavations revealed a diverse array of ceramics, spanning from the Classical to the early Christian periods. These excavations also found Early Helladic II artifacts in the outer foundations of the pyramid, above the bedrock. A study comparing the masonry showed that it shared many features with that of the Mycenaean era. Furthermore, the alignment of the pyramid's Long Entrance Corridor with the rise of Orion's belt suggests a possible construction date between 2400 and 2000 BC.

Not all the secrets of the pyramid have been revealed yet

The Mycenean timeline for the Pyramid of Hellinikon received further support from thermoluminescence tests conducted by The Academy of Athens on February 9, 1995. These tests on samples from the pyramid suggested an age of around 2500-2500 BC. Using thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence methods, two ceramic pieces from Hellenikon were assigned dates in the range of 3000-250 BC and 660-200 BC. Based on these results, which mainly fluctuate around 2000 BC, there is a theory that the pyramid was built during the time of the Egyptian pyramids. However, it's crucial to note that, despite these findings, other evidence suggests that the pyramids might be significantly younger. 

Hellinikon's Pyramid is still a profound mystery. The fact that it exists is a reminder that history is often like a puzzle with undiscovered pieces. Each new discovery can have a significant impact on our understanding of past civilizations. The Pyramid of Hellinikon is still a subject of fascination and speculation. The next scientific investigation may finally reveal its true history and origin.

Mysterious City of White Towers in the Gobi Desert

In the heart of the arid and desolate Gobi Desert, where the winds blow uninterrupted across the vast plains, there lies a place shrouded in mystery and solitude: Khar Khoto. When the sun dips below the horizon, it casts long shadows on the barren terrain, and lone travelers on their arduous journeys are met with an enigmatic sight on the distant horizon. The white towers of Khara Khoto are rising as if they were spectral apparitions from the sea of sand.

The striking white towers of Khara Khoto rise from the desert landscape as if in a dream

Yet, as travelers approach, an eerie sense pervades the air—an emptiness that speaks of the absence of life. What was once a vibrant city is now a ghost town. What might have flourished within its walls is now buried under the shifting sands of time.

What happened?

The Mystery of Khara-Khoto

The puzzling aspect about Khara Khoto is not its origins; we are well-informed about its history. The true mystery is the reason why this city was abandoned, and nomads around campfires tell many strange stories about it, each more elusive than the previous one. The mystery deepens as more questions remain unanswered: What caused Khara Khoto to be abandoned and become a forgotten empty town in the heart of the desert? Join us on a journey to answer this mysterious question.

 

The city has a square layout, protected on all sides by strong walls with watchtowers.Why were such strong security measures implemented? What were they so afraid of?

The Origins of the City

Although Khara-Khoto consists of stunningly white towers, it is known by many names, all of which include the word 'black', including Chinese 'black city', Tangut 'black water', and Modern Mongolian 'black water city'. The origin of this paradox is not known. Established in 1032, Khara Khoto soon evolved into a bustling center of trade on caravan routes. The city's wealth was manifested in formidable defenses, which included high ramparts and wide outer walls that stretched 421 m (1,381 ft) east-west and 374 m (1,227 ft) north-south, all of which featured a white facade. 

Genghis Khan's capture of the walled fortress in 1226 did not mark the end of Khara Khoto, as many people believe. Rather, the city continued to thrive. At that time, Khara Khoto underwent an unexpected expansion, surpassing its original size by three times. Located at a pivotal crossroads connecting major cities of the steppe, the Khara-Khoto played a crucial role in the formation of subsequent nomadic kingdoms at the border of Imperial China. Unfortunately, for this very reason, it also became the subject of many military campaigns of Chinese emperors who felt threatened by these nomads.

The city is surrounded on all sides by deadly deserts

The city's unusual number of temples and monasteries is a remarkable feature. The city's numerous monasteries, despite its strategic position on trade routes, make it look like a city of monks instead of merchants, which adds to the mystery of Khara-Khoto. Excavations conducted in the 20th century revealed a plethora of religious texts, confirming the town's strong religious influence. Marco Polo recounted a forty-day camel journey through the surrounding desert without encountering any other town or habitation, which made the city remarkably isolated. The ruins' remote location poses a challenge for making them a more attractive tourist destination even today, even though his account may be somewhat exaggerated.

The Discovery of Khara-Khoto

The isolation of Khara-Khoto may explain why its existence was completely forgotten by the outside world. An ancient city hidden in the middle of the Gobi desert was discovered only by Russian explorers in the early 20th century, when the Asian Museum in St. Petersburg kicked off an expedition led by Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov.

Starting in November 1907, the expedition faced challenges in finding the elusive ruins, as Chinese and Mongolian authorities seemed determined to keep the city's location secret from intruders. Despite the obstacles, the Russians enlisted the help of a local guide named Bata. The expedition, led by Bata, finally reached the city in the middle of the desert on March 19, 1908.

The layout of the city

The explorers came across impressive walls that formed a square perimeter, and two mausoleums on the western side were almost in ruins. The structures were almost completely buried in sand, except for the western wall. The city resembled a fairytale story.

Starting their archaeological digs, the team unearthed an array of artifacts in just the first few days, including books, letters, metal and paper currency, women's jewelry, and household items. The mausoleum, later titled 'Famous', proved to be a particularly valuable treasure trove, revealing a large library that contained up to 2000 scrolls. Metal and wooden figurines were discovered by the researchers, which were remarkably preserved due to the arid desert climate. Other artifacts also included over 3500 paintings of Buddhist and Christian saints.

The Legendary Tales of Khara-Khoto

In a legend, Khara Bator, a Mongol military general, was surrounded by his troops in 1372 by the Ming dynasty's armies, causing a major water supply problem in the city. As a consequence, Khara-Khoto was denied water for its gardens and wells by the Chinese. With time, Khara Bator became aware of the hopeless situation and by breaking through the northwestern corner of the city wall, he and his most loyal soldier escaped into the desert and were never seen again. The legendary story can still be confirmed by the fact that a rider can pass through a breach in the walls in the ruins today. 

In the end, the city was taken by Ming General Feng Sheng. The town's defenders either gave in or died, and thousands of residents were taken captive by the Ming troops. After the defeat, and possibly due to a real water shortage, the city was abandoned and left in ruin. However, its extremely remote location prevented it from being looted. 

There is also another explanation for why the city was abandoned. This legend states that Feng Sheng released desert jinns from their confinement, where they had been held captive by a strong magical seal.

According to legends, the 'ancient shadows' emerged from a monastery in the city after the protective seal was broken

According to the legend, General Feng Shen was a man who was both proud and self-centered. When he learned that there was an entrance into the underworld under one of the monasteries, he decided that he must see it. He called all the monks and had them explain to him what was behind the closed doors, on which hangs a seal with written ancient letters. He asked for the seal to be cleaned so that he could better see what was written there. He was surprised when he saw it written on the seal: 

The doors will only be opened by General Feng Sheng the Great in the future. 

Delighted that his name was written on the seal in such a laudatory tone, he said to the abbot.

You tried to make me fool. You advised me to stay away from these doors, even though the seal bears my name, because you wanted to prevent me from fulfilling my great destiny predicted by the ancients centuries ago. These doors certainly contain something other than what you tried to tell me, and your fairy tales only served to hinder me from obtaining it. Whatever great thing is awaiting me there, you monks want to keep it for yourself. I will make you pay dearly for your conduct, but now I have more urgent things to do.

The soldiers were instructed to break the seal and open the doors, which according to legend unleashed an ancient danger, that has been causing mischief in the city and its surroundings since that time, which is why the city was abandoned.

The Ruins of the City Today

Visitors have the opportunity to explore the remnants of the city during their presence. However, the current status of tourist amenities may vary, and travelers are advised to check for the latest updates. In order to reach Khara Khoto, it is usually necessary to travel to Inner Mongolia, with airports in Hohhot being possible entry points. From there, travelers can utilize a combination of flights, trains, and buses to access the region, followed by local transportation options. Guided tours may be available to provide informative experiences, but it's recommended to verify the availability of such services before planning a trip. 

In the expansive desert enveloping the city, traversing the hazardous terrain demands utmost caution due to the ever-shifting sand and the monotonous landscape in which it is easy to get lost. For those daring enough, there's an opportunity to set up a tent and spend the night in close proximity to the ruined town. It is only during these moments that one might encounter the city in all its charm, an empty and forgotten ruin at the edge of the unknown. And who knows, maybe one will also hear mysterious echoes of the past emanating from the enigmatic ruins during the cloudless night under the starry sky. 

For another mystery from Mongolia, also check In Search of the Lost Tomb of Genghis Khan